The Hindu Editorial (Transparency is vital) – Dec 08, 2020

A day after Pfizer sought the Indian regulator’s nod for emergency-use authorisation for its mRNA vaccine,… For further reading, visit “The Hindu”. Below is today’s word list-1 for The Hindu Editorial (Transparency is vital) – Dec 08, 2020.

To read this article, click here.

This preview is provided here with permission.

Courtesy: The Hindu

Today’s word list-1 for The Hindu Editorial (Transparency is vital) – Dec 08, 2020:

1. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity.
2. vital (adjective) – key, essential, important.
3. authorisation (noun) – approval, sanction, permission, consent, clearance.
4. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. (Courtesy: WHO)
5. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
6. efficacy (noun) – In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect; effectiveness, efficiency, power.
7. seek (verb) – ask for, request, apply for.
8. regulator (noun) – an association that supervises a particular business activity.
9. nod (noun) – indication, signal, sign (of approval).
10. m-RNA technology (noun) – messenger RNA technology;  the set of instructions by which cells make all proteins and send them to various parts of the body. mRNA medicines take advantage of normal biological processes to express proteins and create a desired therapeutic effect.
11. mRNA vaccine (noun) – The vaccine is a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine, which stands for “messenger ribonucleic acid”. Messenger RNA is essentially the blueprint that living cells use to turn gene sequences into the proteins that form their fundamental structures. Once injected, the mRNA in the vaccine is translated into a viral protein, which our immune systems detect. The body generates an immune response in reaction to these viral proteins, which can’t by themselves cause disease, and this provides protection against developing Covid-19.
12. Oxford vaccine/Covishield (noun) – (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or (AZD1222) is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, UK Ltd. (named Covishield in India).
13. candidate vaccine BNT162b2 (noun) – mRNA-based vaccine candidate produced by Pfizer and BioNTech.
14. candidate vaccine mRNA-1273 (noun) – mRNA-1273 is an an mRNA vaccine candidate which was co-developed by Moderna and investigators from NIAID’s Vaccine Research Center.
15. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute.
16. phase 3 trial (noun) – In phase 3 trial, the vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo.
17. phase 2 trial (noun) – In phase 2 trial, the vaccine is given to hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct dosage.
18. phase 1 trial (noun) – In phase 1 trial of clinical testing, the vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes.
19. human trial (noun) – a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes; clinical trial.
20. secure (verb) – obtain, get, gain, acquire.
21. regulatory (adjective) – supervisory, managerial, controlling.
22. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional.  
23. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before.
24. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly.
25. necessitate (verb) – require, need, demand.
26. toll (noun) – number, count, sum total (of deaths/casualties).
27. livelihood (noun) – means of making a living with the basic necessities (food, water, shelter and clothing); means of support, subsistence, source of income.
28. cause for concern (phrase) – reason to worry (feel anxious).
29. keep/put pressure on (phrase) – to try to influence/persuade someone to do something in a certain method.
30. fast-track (verb) – increase or step up the progress of a project.
31. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth.
32. willingness (noun) – readiness, preparedness, inclination, desire.
33. vaccinate (verb) – inoculate, administer, introduce (with a vaccine to provide immunity against a disease).
34. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, rules of conduct.
35. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (noun) – The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the government agency responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medical products more effective, safer, and more affordable and by helping the public get the accurate, science-based information they need to use medical products and foods to maintain and improve their health.
36. spell out (phrasal verb) – explain, make clear, elucidate/clarify.
37. stipulate (verb) – specify, set forth, state clearly.
38. median (adjective) – mean, average.
39. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a particular disease; immunization.
40. regimen (noun) – plan, course of action, procedure (of medical treatment).
41. benefit-risk profile (noun) – a representation of information relating to benefits or risks involved in something.
42. enrolment (noun) – the action of enrolling/registering (volunteers/participants for (vaccine) human trail).
43. desolate (adjective) – dismal, deserted/abandoned, gloomy.
44. scenario (noun) – situation.
45. push through (phrasal verb) – to make a plan to put something into use as quickly as possible.
46. Vaccine Confidence Project (VBP) (noun) – founded in 2010, it is an interdisciplinary research group at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine specializing in public perceptions of vaccines and immunisation. This project seeks to address these unmet needs and monitor public confidence in immunisation programs by listening for early signals of public distrust and questioning and providing risk analysis and guidance to engage the public early and pre-empting potential programme disruptions.
47. intent (noun) – aim, purpose, objective.
48. respondent (noun) – a person who replies to something (questionnaire etc,).
49. hesitancy (noun) – reluctance, unwillingness, disinclination.
50. vaccine hesitancy (noun) – a reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated or to have one’s children vaccinated; reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines.
51. address (verb) – deal with, handle, tackle, grapple with.
52. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something.
53. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just.

Note:  

 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/.

2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 

3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited.

Today’s word list-1 for The Hindu Editorial (Transparency is vital) – Dec 08, 2020:

“Phrasal Verbs” We Learnt Last Week

“Idioms & Phrases” We Learnt Last Week

“Important Definitions” We Learnt Last Week

Recent Word Lists For The Hindu Editorial Articles

Recent Advanced Word Lists For The Hindu Lead Articles

Recent Word of the Day

Recent Words of the Month