The Hindu Editorial (Currency concerns) – Dec 31, 2024

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The Hindu Editorial (Currency concerns) – Dec 31, 2024:

1. stumble (noun) – fall, collapse, slide, topple.
2. pose (verb) – present, constitute, cause, produce, give rise to (a problem/danger).
3. tumultuous (adjective) – stormy, turbulent, volatile; roller-coaster, out of control, confused, unrestrained.
4. step into (phrasal verb) – to involve oneself; to intervene; to take a specific role.
5. Foreign exchange (Forex or FX) (noun) – the conversion of one currency into another at a specific rate known as the foreign exchange rate. The conversion rates for almost all currencies are constantly floating as they are driven by the market forces of supply and demand.
6. stem (verb) – stop, control, restrict, block, curb, contain, reduce, lessen. 
7. free fall (noun) – sudden decline of something; relating to something declining rapidly.
8. pursuit (noun) – quest, search.
9. in pursuit of (phrase) – in search of; in order to achieve (something).
10. orderly (adjective) – civilized, peaceful, disciplined, ruly, restrained; well organized, methodical,  systematic.
11. hit (verb) – reach, attain, touch, arrive at (a particular level).
12. precariously (adverb) – insecurely, unsafely, dangerously, uncertainly.
13. mark (noun) – level, point, stage.
14. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference.
15. central bank (noun) – the banking regulator of a county’s banking system. (e.g. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India).
16. pull back (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, draw back, fall back.
17. confluence (noun) – convergence, joining, junction. 
18. at work (phrase) – in action.
19. sustained (adjective) – continuous, continued, endless, persistent, ongoing.
20. outflow (noun) – the movement of a large amount of money from a particular economy.
21. foreign portfolio investments (FPIs) (noun) – investments in financial assets, such as shares, government bonds, corporate bonds, convertible securities, infrastructure securities etc in a foreign country.
22. securities (noun) – a range of investments (like shares, holdings, equities, bonds).
23. securities (noun) – investments, shares, holdings, equities, bonds; securities (shares) of a company formally admitted to the trading platform of the (Stock) Exchange.
24. securities market (noun) – stock market, equity market, share market (a stock is a security, but every security is not a stock).
25. indices plural of index (noun) – a data figure reflecting something compared with a standard or base value; pointer, indicator.
26. index (noun) – an (economic) data figure reflecting something (e.g. price/quantity) compared with a standard or base value; pointer, indicator.
27. overstretched (adjective) – overtaxed, overstressed, exhausted, pressurized, overburdened.
28. quarter (noun) – a period of three months (considered as one-fourth of a year).
29. stimulus (noun) – impetus, boost, incentive, fillip.
30. nudge (verb) – encourage, prompt, stimulate/coax.
31. portfolio (noun) – a range of investments (like shares, holdings, securities, equities, bonds).
32. headwinds (noun) – (in business) situations or conditions that make growth harder/difficult. 
33. rattle (verb) – disturb, discomfit, disconcert/unnerve.
34. BRICS countries (plural noun) – the acronym coined to associate five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs. On 1 January 2024, BRICS admitted four new members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Arabia has joined Brics, the alliance of major developing countries, along with four other nations.
35. protectionist (adjective) – relating to an economic policy where a country imposes restrictions like tariffs, quotas, and subsidies to shield its domestic industries from foreign competition.
36. stance (noun) – position, standpoint, point of view, opinion, approach, perspective.
37. materialise (verb) – happen, occur, take place.
38. sputter (verb) – proceed unevenly/erratically/irregularly.
39. trade deficit (noun) – a trade deficit (a deficit in the balance of trade) occurs when the value of a country’s imports exceeds that of its exports. It is also called a trade gap.
40. import bill (noun) – the total amount of imports made by a country.
41. show up (phrasal verb) – make visible, come to light.
42. current account deficit (CAD) (noun) – the amount by which money relating to trade, investment etc going out of a country is more than the amount coming in.
43. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service.
44. throw up (phrasal verb) – produce something.
45. surplus (noun) – generation of goods, services, and resources (such as capital) exceeds their consumption.
46. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness/precariousness.
47. H-1B visa (noun) – it permits a foreign professional (with a (min. 4 years) university degree or its equivalent) to work in speciality occupations (or skilled employments) in the United States (issued for a max of 6 years in total).
48. regime (noun) – system.
49. soothing (adjective) – reducing, calming, comforting, relaxing.
50. forthrightly (adverb) – straightforwardly, directly, candidly, openly, bluntly.
51. dismiss (verb) – reject, deny, spurn, set aside, disregard, abandon.
52. in the air (phrase) – if something is in the air, it is felt to be present or be happening, but it is not spoken about.
53. stress (verb) – emphasize, underline, underscore, highlight, draw attention to.
54. de-dollarisation (noun) –  it refers to the replacement of the U.S. dollar by other currencies as the global reserve currency.
55. unequivocal (adjective) – unambiguous, unmistakable, indisputable, incontrovertible, indubitable, undeniable; clear, crystal clear, well defined, explicit, categorical, outright, certain, decisive, absolute.
56. fora (plural noun) – forum, meeting, gathering, convention, council; medium, means, apparatus.
57. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy.
58. parley (noun) – meeting, dialogue, talks, negotiation, summit, discussion, deliberation
59. put to rest (phrase) – to settle or sort out or finish, particularly a question/discussion.
60. take a hit (phrase) – suffer loss, suffer damage
61. bode well/ill (verb) – augur, indicate, portend (a good/bad outcome).
62. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; increase of price level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value.
63. inelastic (adjective) – relating to supply/demand or import/export which is unconcerned to changes in price; rigid, unyielding, inflexible, stable.
64. edible oil (noun) – cooking oil; fat of plant, animal or microbial origin, which is liquid at room temperature and is suitable for food use.
65. crude oil (noun) – the raw natural resource that is extracted from the earth and refined into products such as gasoline, jet fuel, diesel and other petroleum products.
66. uncertain (adjective) – unpredictable, varying, erratic, irregular, fluctuant, unreliable.
67. monetary policy (noun) – monetary policy refers to the use of monetary instruments under the control of the central bank to regulate magnitudes such as interest rates, money supply, and availability of credit with a view to achieving the ultimate objective of economic policy mentioned in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
68. outlook (noun) – prospects, chances, possibilities, expectations, future.
69. deploy (verb) – employ/bring into effective action; bring into service; have recourse to; use, utilize, employ, make use of, take advantage of.
70. foreign exchange reserve or forex reserve (noun) – Foreign currency assets held by the central banks of countries. The amounts of assets /money in foreign currencies that a country has in its central bank (in India, it is Reserve bank of India).
71. currency reserve (noun) – a currency that is held in large amounts by central banks and monetary authorities as part of their foreign exchange reserves programme. (E.g. The Reserve bank of India is the central bank in India).
72. trajectory (noun) – track/course, route, path, direction, approach.
73. concede (verb) – admit, acknowledge, accept, recognize, allow.
74. cramp (verb) – hinder, impede, inhibit, hamper, obstruct, restrict, control, block.
75. woe (noun) – trouble, difficulty, problem, tribulation, distress, heartbreak, anguish, affliction, grief, pain.
76. driver (noun) – factor.
77. faltering (adjective) – delaying, uncertain, unsteady/weak, precarious, irresolute, hesitant.
78. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, hesitant, resistant, averse, disinclined.
79. come under (phrasal verb) – to be subjected to something.
80. resilience (noun) – the ability to bounce back quickly from difficulties; strength of character, strength, toughness.
81. gear up (phrasal verb) – get ready, prepare, equip (oneself) for something.

Note : 

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc. from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/.

2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purposes only and they may vary in a different context.  

3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited.

The Hindu Editorial ​(Currency concerns) – Dec 31, 2024: