The Hindu Editorial (​​​​American retreat) – Apr 05, 2025

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The Hindu Editorial (American retreat) – Apr 05, 2025:

1. Retreat (noun) – withdrawal, pulling back, back down, U-turn, exit.
2. Protectionism (noun) – it is an economic policy where a country (state) imposes restrictions like tariffs, quotas, and subsidies to shield its domestic industries from foreign/inter-state competition.
3. Cede (verb) – give up, concede, surrender, relinquish.
4. Powerhouse (noun) – a person/organisation/country/state with a lot of energy, power & influence.
5. Mirror (verb) – to reflect, reproduce, imitate, simulate, mimic, echo, match, copy.
6. Disruptive (adjective) – unconventional, unprecedented, unusual, unfamiliar, off-centre.
7. Precedent (noun) – a past action, event, or decision that serves as an example or guide for future situations; previous example, previous instance, prior instance, previous case, model, exemplar, pattern. ​
8. Effectively (adverb) – practically, virtually, in effect, all but, more or less, almost.
9. Dismantle (verb) – demolish, knock down, destroy. ​
10. Bretton Woods (noun) – The Bretton Woods Institutions are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
11. Framework (noun) – structure, scheme, system.
12. Bretton Woods system (noun) – A new international monetary system was forged by delegates from forty-four nations in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in July 1944. Delegates to the conference agreed to establish the International Monetary Fund and what became the World Bank Group. The system of currency convertibility that emerged from Bretton Woods lasted until 1971.
13. Unilaterally (adverb) – used to indicate something done by a person or country without approval or agreement from other people or countries involved in the situation.
14. Led to past tense and past participle of lead to (phrasal verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, result in, produce, or give rise to. 
15. the setting up (noun) – the act of establishing or creating something (such as an organization, institution, system, etc.); establishment, formation, creation, initiation, launch.
16. World Bank (noun) – The World Bank is an international development organization owned by 187 countries. Its role is to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve the standard of living of their people. The World Bank was established in 1944 to help rebuild Europe and Japan after World War II. Its official name was the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
17. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (noun) – an international organization of 189 countries, headquartered in Washington, D.C., working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. ​
18. Anchor (noun) – mainstay, chief support, linchpin
19. Global currency stability (noun) – a condition in which the exchange rates of world currencies remain steady, minimizing fluctuations and promoting international economic confidence.
20. Avenue (noun) – a possible way of achieving something; approach, method, path, direction, course of action.
21. Address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out.
22. Balance of payment (BoP) crisis (noun) – a broader concept that involves a shortage of reserves to cover balance of payments needs. It is a currency crisis, occurs when a nation is unable to pay for essential imports or service its external debt repayments. The collapse of a fixed exchange rate is typically marked by a sudden balance—of—payments crisis in which “speculators” fleeing from the domestic currency acquire a large portion of the central bank’s foreign exchange holdings.
23. Move (noun) – activity, step, measure.
24. Upend (verb) – overturn, overthrow, topple over, knock down, capsize, cancel; turn something upside down.
25. Reckon with (phrasal verb) – deal with, cope with, contend with, handle, tackle, face up to.
26. Volatility (noun) – unpredictability, instability, unreliability.
27. Counter-tariff (or) retaliatory tariff (noun) – punitive tariff; an extra tariff/tax that a country charges on import goods from another country to punish the another country for charging tax on its own export goods.
28. Reciprocal tax (noun) – a tax imposed by one country on imports from another country in response to similar tariffs. The tariffs aim to match or offset tariffs and other trade barriers imposed on US goods by foreign nations.
29. Tariff (noun) – a tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another country.
30. Instantly (adverb) – immediately, at once, right away, without delay.
31. Usher in (phrasal verb) – to signal the beginning of something new; to make something new begin; start, initiate, introduce
32. Economic uncertainty (noun) – It refers to the lack of predictability and stability in the economic conditions.
33. Uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness, precariousness.
34. Extent (noun) – magnitude, size, degree, level.
35. Very (adjective) – exact, actual, precise, just right.
36. Commerce (noun) – trade, trading, business.
37. Shock (noun) – blow, upset, disturbance, distress.  
38. Account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, make up, comprise, form.
39. Supply chain (noun) – a dynamic network when a company purchases or uses goods or services from others. It involves people, information, processes, and resources involved in the production, handling, and distribution of materials and finished products or providing a service to the customer.
40. Diversify (verb) – vary, bring variety to; modify, alter/change, transform, expand, enlarge.
41. Strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests).
42. In the immediate term (phrase) – at the present moment; in the short term; in the near future.
43. Ripple effect (noun) – an event (or a process/action) that causes several other events to happen indirectly one after the other; knock-on effect, domino effect
44. Slowdown (noun) – deceleration, slump, decline, weakening, slackening.
45. Scramble (verb) – struggle, hurry/hasten, rush (to do something to achieve a goal/result).
46. Experience (verb) – suffer, live through, go through, endure, face, encounter, undergo.
47. Negligible (adjective) – insignificant, minimal, slight, unimportant, trivial, meagre.
48. Command (verb) – receive, be given, get, gain, obtain, secure.
49. Slip (verb) – fall, drop, decline, decrease, plunge, plummet, slump, go down.
50. Supremacy (noun) – dominance, superiority, advantage.
51. Overwhelming (adjective) – very great/large, very strong, forceful, profound, formidable, massive, enormous, immense; complete, total, blanket, sweeping.
52. Dominance (noun) – domination, authority, supremacy, influence.
53. Reserve currency (noun) – a foreign currency that a government, central bank or other major financial institutions hold as part of the their reserves.
54. Centre of gravity (noun) – focal point, hub, core area, epicentre, power base, seat (of power, influence, or activity).
55. Hasten (verb) – speed up, quicken, accelerate, expedite.
56. Hegemonic (adjective) – dominant, supreme, influential, controlling, commanding, authoritative.

Note : 

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc. from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/.

2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purposes only and they may vary in a different context.  

3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited.

The Hindu Editorial (​​​​​​​​American retreat) – Apr 05, 2025: