The Hindu Editorial (Welcome development) – Jul 26, 2023

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The Hindu Editorial (Welcome development) – Jul 26, 2023:

welcome (adjective) – pleasing, agreeable, favourable, promising, much needed.
development (noun) – progress, progression, advancement, improvement, growth.
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (noun) – the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world. As early as in 1911, the Government of India set up the Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA) with the specific objective of sponsoring and coordinating medical research in the country. It was redesignated in 1949 as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
controlled human infection studies (CHIS) (noun) – CHIS, also called human challenge studies, where healthy volunteers are intentionally exposed to a disease-causing microbe in a highly controlled and monitored environment. it is used in many countries for vaccine and treatment development. Outside of India, this relatively new research model which involves intentionally exposing healthy volunteers to pathogens in a controlled environment, has been used to study malaria, typhoid, dengue, etc. (pathogen is a bacteria/virus that causes disease).
robust (adjective) – strong, powerful.
institutional (adjective) – organised, established, systematic, regulated, methodical, structured.
mechanism (noun) – system, arrangement, scheme, policy, regime; apparatus, medium, agency, instrument, channel.
in place (phrase) – ready, set up, established, arranged.
bioethics (noun) – the branch of ethics that studies moral values in medical and biological research.
consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group; general agreement.
comment (noun) – remark, observation, opinion, view.
clear the decks (phrase) – get ready for a specific action/event (by getting rid of all other hindrances that may hamper the event/action).
undertake (verb) – start, begin, initiate, commence, attempt, engage in, embark on.
volunteer (noun) – participant (who is interested in a clinical trial study to aid in the advancement of drug development).
intentionally (noun) – deliberately, purposely, purposefully, knowingly.
expose (verb) – come into contact with (the disease causing virus); bring into contact with, subject, lay open, put at risk of.
microbe (noun) – microorganism/microbe is an organism that is so small & microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). (bacteria, fungi, viruses & etc).
environment (noun) – situation, setting, medium, scenario, atmosphere.
carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, implement, execute, bring about.
yellow fever (noun) – an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The “yellow” in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients.
establish (verb) – prove, demonstrate, show, indicate, validate, verify, determine.
virulent (adjective) – deadly, fatal, lethal, life-threatening, dangerous.
strain (noun) – different variant or form or version or mutant of something (virus); variety, kind, type.
drug (noun) – medicine, medication, medical drug.
facet (noun) – aspect, feature, characteristic, nuance.
occasionally (adverb) – sometimes, at times, now and then.
accelerate (verb) – increase, rise, expedite, step up, speed up.
intervention (noun) – (In medicine) it is a treatment, procedure, or other action taken to prevent or treat disease, or improve health in other ways.
vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
immune (adjective) – resistant to, protected from, unaffected by (an infectious disease).
candidate vaccine or vaccine candidate (noun) – a “potential” vaccine prepared in the research and development (R&D) centres and it can be used in human clinical trials.
human trial/clinical trial (noun) – a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes.
trial (noun) – test, pilot study, experiment (phase 1, 2,3, and or human/clinical trial).
phase 1 trial (noun) – In phase 1 trial of clinical testing, the vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes.
phase 2 trial (noun) – In phase 2 trial, the vaccine is given to hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct dosage.
phase-3 trial (noun) – In phase 3 trial, the vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo.
efficacy (noun) – In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect; effectiveness, efficiency, power.
conventional (adjective) – normal, regular, typical, traditional/standard.
pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.
novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans.
World Health Organization (WHO) (noun) – Founded in 1948, WHO is the United Nations agency that connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable – so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest level of health.
ethical (adjective) –moral.
collaboration (noun) – agreement, alliance, partnership, participation, association.
well-versed (adjective) – knowledgeable, experienced, competent, specialist, up-to-date, sophisticated, well informed, intelligent.
navigate (verb) – guide, direct, handle; negotiate.
minefield (noun) – a situation with unknown dangers.
mire (verb) – involve in a tough situation; entangle, enmesh, mix up, embroil, catch up, bog down.
violation (noun) – breach, infringement, breaking, non-observance, dereliction.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) (noun) – the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI).
magnitude (noun) – size/value, extent, degree, measure, proportion.
scope (noun) – chance, possibility.
misuse (noun) – wrong use, abuse, exploitation, misemployment, misapplication.
vast (adjective) – huge, extremely big.
repercussions (noun) – consequences, effect, aftermath, after-effects, reverberation; result, outcome.
potential (noun) -possibility.
exploitation (noun) – misuse, manipulation, taking advantage, unfair treatment, cheating.
given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.
monetary (adjective) – relating to money; financial.
dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element, facet.
novel (adjective) – new, unusual, unfamiliar, strange, unconventional, unknown, untested.
expertise (noun) – skill, knowledge, competence, proficiency, mastery.