The Hindu Editorial (Breakthrough challenge) – Sep 03, 2021

With over 66 crore vaccine doses administered since the vaccination drive commenced in January, India has now inoculated at least half its adult population with at least one dose, and 16% with two. For further reading, visit “The Hindu”. Below is today’s word list-1 for The Hindu Editorial (Breakthrough challenge) – Sep 03, 2021.

To read this article, click “The Hindu”.

This preview is provided here with permission.

Courtesy: The Hindu

The Hindu Editorial (Breakthrough challenge) – Sep 03, 2021:

breakthrough (noun as modifier) – very important/significant development or progress.
vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
variant (noun) – different or form or version or mutant of something (virus). A specific change in position between the original genome and the new sample. It is often called mutation.
delta variant/B.1.617.2 (noun) – Formally known as AY.2 or B.1.617.2, it’s a variant of the coronavirus, first identified in India, is renamed as the ‘Delta variant’ by the World Health Organization (WHO) and this variant is reclassified as Variant of Concern (VOC). The B.1.617.1 strain has been reclassified to a Variant of Interest (VOI) and labelled variant “Kappa”.
administer (verb) – dispense, provide, give, apply (a drug/vaccine).
vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a particular disease; immunization.
drive (noun) – campaign, movement, effort, push.
commence (verb) – begin, start, start off.
inoculate (verb) – to inject/introduce a vaccine into the body of someone to produce immunity to a particular disease; immunize, vaccinate.
discernible (adjective) – visible, noticeable, recognizable, identifiable.
the bulk of (noun) – most, larger part, larger number.
proportion (noun) – percentage, part/amount; ratio.
vaccinate (verb) – inoculate, administer, introduce (with a vaccine to provide immunity against a disease).
apparent (adjective) – evident/clear, visible, noticeable, recognizable.
paradox (noun) – contradiction, mystery, conundrum, anomaly.
underlie (verb) – be the cause of, be the basis of, be the fundamental of.
breakthrough infections (noun) – people getting infections after they are fully vaccinated is when the infections are caused by circulating virus variants, with potential immune escape mechanism, which might reduce the efficacy of vaccines. These are called “vaccine breakthrough infections”.
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) (noun) – founded in 1942, the CSIR is an autonomous body that has emerged as the largest research and development organisation in India. It has 37 research centers and 39 field stations or augmentation focuses spread the country over. The innovative work exercises of CSIR incorporate different fields, for example, aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, ocean sciences, Life sciences, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum, leather, and environment.
hospitalisation (noun) – the act of taking (or) admitting someone to (or) in hospital for treatment.
effectiveness (noun) – efficacy, successfulness, potency.
in spite of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of.
unvaccinated (adjective) – not vaccinated to provide immunity against a disease.
the unvaccinated (noun) – the people who are not vaccinated.
suspect (noun) – suspected thing.
as well as (phrase) – and also, and in addition.
lineage (noun) – a collection of signature variants that defines a specific line of virus; line, sequence.
coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, the infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death. (Courtesy: WHO)
Indian SARS-CoV2 Genomic Consortia (INSACOG) (noun) – INSACOG refers to the Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genome Sequencing Consortia. The INSACOG consortium of scientists, spanning 10 labs across the country, and involved in sequencing genomes of coronavirus samples in different States, had been giving regular updates on the threat from new strains to the government. (Consortia is a plural form of consortium).
mutation (noun) – a significant and basic “alteration/variation” in the DNA sequence.
strain (noun) – a lineage that has acquired new properties compared to the original virus; variety, kind, type.
so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point.
human trial/clinical trial (noun) – a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes.
trial (noun) – test, pilot study, experiment (phase 1, 2,3, and or human/clinical trial).
phase-3 trial (noun) – In phase 3 trial, the vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo.
phase 2 trial (noun) – In phase 2 trial, the vaccine is given to hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct dosage.
phase 1 trial (noun) – In phase 1 trial of clinical testing, the vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes.
efficacy (noun) – In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect; effectiveness, efficiency, power.
symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with symptoms.
asymptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with no symptoms.
pre-symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with mild illness/symptoms.
considerable (adjective) – substantial, appreciable, significant; much.
confront (verb) – tackle, deal with, address, grapple with, face up to.
fraction (noun) – a small part/percentage of something.
vulnerable (adjective) – endangered, unsafe, unprotected, unguarded ill-protected; easily affected by, prone to, at risk of.
evolution (noun) – progress, advancement, progression, development.
mutate (verb) – undergo (genetic change).
antibody (noun) – it is also called ‘immunoglobulin’; a protective protein produced mainly by plasma (blood) cells in the immune system in response to the presence of antigens (disease causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom).
pre-pandemic (noun) – before the pandemic.
pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.
in the pipeline (phrase) – in the process of being planned/developed.
design (verb) – create, plan, formulate, think up.
m-RNA vaccine (noun) – The vaccine is a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine, which stands for “messenger ribonucleic acid”. Messenger RNA is essentially the blueprint that living cells use to turn gene sequences into the proteins that form their fundamental structures. Once injected, the mRNA in the vaccine is translated into a viral protein, which our immune systems detect. The body generates an immune response in reaction to these viral proteins, which can’t by themselves cause disease, and this provides protection against developing Covid-19.
DNA-based vaccine (noun) – Referred to as third-generation vaccine, a DNA-based vaccine uses engineered DNA to induce a response against the virus. According to the World Health Organisation, this “radical new approach” offers several advantages over traditional vaccines, which include “improved vaccine stability, the absence of any infectious agent and the relative ease of large-scale manufacture.”
ZycoV-D Vaccine (noun) – a three-dose “plasmid DNA” candidate vaccine being developed by Ahmedabad-based Zydus Cadila. It is a vaccine that uses a genetically engineered, non-replicating version of a type of DNA molecule known as a ‘plasmid’. If approved by the regulator, ZyCov-D will be the world’s first DNA vaccine against infection with SARS-CoV-2.
tweak (verb) – adjust, modify, alter, tune, change (finely).
accommodate (verb) – serve, meet the needs of, cater for.
tune (verb) – attune, adapt, adjust.
Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA) (noun) – a mechanism to facilitate the availability and use of medical countermeasures, including vaccines, during public health emergencies, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic.
a while (noun) – for some time.
rely on (phrasal verb) – depend on; resort to, have recourse to.
pipeline (noun) – a system supplying goods.